RFID: A Technology Overview | 1. Fundamental Concepts. Radio Frequency Identification requires some pretty complicated hardware. This chapter explains the technology required to make RFID work. This chapter is from the book . For more information on IT Management, visit our IT Management Reference Guide or sign up for our IT Management Newsletter. RFID). automatically. Auto- ID). automatically. OCR). systems. Consider. A. and B from the distributor. Note: We respect your privacy and will not spam, sell, or share your email address. 1.3 Conclusion. This chapter provided an in-depth discussion of the RFID basics. Admittedly, it covered a plethora of information that might be difficult to. New Books and Media - Fall, 2009. This list highlights books and media purchased through the month of November, 2009. The list is in Library of Congress subject order. New Books and Media - Spring, 2010. This list highlights books and media purchased through the month of May, 2010. The list is in Library of Congress subject order. Can. A might have been produced in. North America, whereas can B might. Asia. A. person named Bob might have loaded. Do you want to cruise the beach in style?! If your answer is Yes! then come on down to Bron’s Beach Carts or reserve your golf cart now! » Make your reservation. Podium is an amazing PowerPoint Addin that is the Swiss Army knife of PowerPoint Tools. Take a look below at what Podium for PowerPoint really is, now on version 1.7.4. In a fiercely competitive global economy, manufacturers and their suppliers are challenged to continuously improve quality and maintain compliance with government and. A onto the delivery truck, whereas. Chi might have. loaded B onto a similar truck. O’GREEN Truck tires are engineered with the latest state-of-the-art technology & equipment, and offers major structural differences. Sunbelt Midwest, with 4 offices in Minneapolis, Chicago and Milwaukee, has a trusted team of business brokers to help you buy or sell your business at the highest. Can. A might have arrived in the store. B arrived. Generally. Every. grain of sand on every beach worldwide Every. Every. drop of rain that falls worldwide. The. represent potential identification. Before. to understand. A wave is a disturbance that transports energy from one point to. Electromagnetic waves are created by electrons in motion and consist. These waves can pass through a. The highest point of a wave is called a crest, and the lowest point. The distance between two consecutive crests or two consecutive troughs is. One complete wavelength of oscillation of a wave is called a cycle. The time taken by a wave to complete one cycle is called its period of. The number of cycles in a second is called the frequency of the. The frequency of a wave is measured in hertz (abbreviated as Hz). German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. If the. frequency of a wave is 1 Hz, it means that the wave is oscillating at the rate. It is common to express frequency in KHz (or kilohertz. Hz), MHz (or megahertz = 1,0. Hz), or GHz (or gigahertz =. Hz). Amplitude is the height of a crest or the depth of a trough from the. The former is also called the positive amplitude. In general, the amplitude at. Figure. 1- 1 shows several parts of a wave. Radio or radio frequency (RF) waves are. Another. equivalent definition in terms of frequency is radio waves are electromagnetic. Hz and 3. 00 GHz. Other electromagnetic. RFID uses radio waves that are generally between the frequencies of 3. KHz. and 5. 8 GHz. A continuous wave (CW) is a radio wave with constant frequency and. From a communications vantage, a CW does not have any embedded. Modulation refers to the process of changing the characteristics of. Modulation can also. Radio waves can be affected by the material through which they propagate. A. material is called RF- lucent or RF- friendly for a certain. A material is called RF- opaque if it. RF waves. A material can allow the radio waves to. These types of. materials are referred to as RF- absorbent. The RF- absorbent or. RF- opaque property of a material is relative, because it depends on the. That is, a material that is RF- opaque at a certain frequency could be. RF- lucent at a different frequency. The RF properties of some example materials. Table 1- 2, following a discussion of RFID frequency types. Classes of RFID frequency types include the following: Low frequency (LF) High frequency (HF) Ultra high frequency (UHF) Microwave frequency. The following subsections discuss these frequency types. Low Frequency (LF)Frequencies between 3. KHz and 3. 00 KHz are considered low, and RFID systems. KHz to 1. 34 KHz frequency range. A typical LF RFID system. KHz or 1. 34. 2 KHz. RFID systems operating at LF generally use. Section 1. 2. 1), have low data- transfer rates from the. LF. systems). Active LF tags (discussed in Section 1. Because of the maturity of this type of tag, LF tag systems probably. The LF range is accepted worldwide. High Frequency (HF)HF ranges from 3 MHz to 3. MHz, with 1. 3. 5. MHz being the typical frequency. HF RFID systems. A typical HF RFID system uses passive tags, has a slow. HF systems are also widely used, especially. The HF. frequency range is accepted worldwide. The next frequency range is called very high frequency (VHF) and. MHz. Unfortunately, none of the current RFID systems. Therefore, this frequency type is not discussed any. Ultra High Frequency (UHF)UHF ranges from 3. MHz to 1 GHz. A typical passive UHF RFID system operates. MHz in the United States and at 8. MHz in Europe. A typical active UHF. RFID system operates at 3. MHz and 4. 33 MHz. A UHF system can therefore use both. UHF frequencies such as 3. MHz. and 4. 33 MHz). UHF RFID systems have started being deployed widely because of the. RFID mandates of several large private and public enterprises, such as. U. S. Department of Defense. Chapter 1. 0, "Standards"). The UHF range is not. Microwave Frequency. Microwave frequency ranges upward from 1 GHz. A typical microwave RFID system. GHz or 5. 8 GHz, although the former is more common, can. Because antenna length is inversely proportional to the. Section 1. 2. 1. 1. The 2. 4 GHz frequency. Industry, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band and is. International restrictions apply to the frequencies that RFID can use. Therefore, some of the previously discussed frequencies might not be valid. Table 1- 1 lists some example frequency- use restrictions for RFID. Table 1- 1 International RFID Frequency Regulations. Country/ Region. LFHFUHFMicrowave. United States. 12. KHz. 13. 5. 6 MHz. ERP)9. 02- 9. 28 MHz, 1 watt ERP or 4 watts ERP with a directional antenna with at. MHz, 4 watts, ERP 5. MHz, 4 watts ERPEurope. KHz. 13. 5. 6 MHz. MHz, 0. 1 watts ERP, Listen Before Talk (LBT). MHz, 2 watts ERP, LBT. MHz, 0. 5 watts ERP. LBT. 2. 4. 5 GHz. Japan. 12. 5–1. 34 KHz. MHz. Not allowed. MPHPT (Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and. Telecommunications) has opened up 9. MHz band for. experimentation. GHz. Singapore. 12. KHz. 13. 5. 6 MHz. MHz. 2 watts ERP. GHz. China. 12. 5–1. KHz. 13. 5. 6 MHz Not allowed. Future possibility: 8. MHz and/or 9. 17- 9. MHz. SAC. (Standardization Administration of China) is entrusted to formulate the RFID. MHz, 0. 5 watts ERP Table 1- 2 lists RF properties of some example materials. Table 1- 2 RF Properties of Example Material Types. Material. LFHFUHFMicrowave. Clothing. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. Dry wood. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- absorbent. Graphite. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- opaque. RF- opaque. Liquids (some types)RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- absorbent. RF- absorbent. Metals. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- opaque. RF- opaque. Motor oil. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. Paper products. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. Plastics. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- lucent (some types)Shampoo. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- absorbent. RF- absorbent. Water. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- absorbent. RF- absorbent. Wet wood. RF- lucent. RF- lucent. RF- absorbent. RF- absorbent. Radio waves are susceptible to interference from various. Weather conditions such as rain, snow, and other types of precipitation. However, as mentioned before, these are not an issue at LF and HF. The presence of other radio sources such as cell phones, mobile radios, and. Electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD is a sudden flow of electrical. If a. large potential difference exists between the two points on the material, the. The discussion now turns to how RFID technology works. A radio device called a tag is attached to the object that needs to. Unique identification data about this tagged object is stored on. When such a tagged object is presented in front of a suitable RFID. The. reader then reads the data and has the capability to forward it over suitable. This application can then use this unique. It can then perform a. As you can understand from this description, RFID is also a. However, this technology has some unique. An RFID application is implemented by an RFID system, which constitutes the.
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